Referee Reports
Dates: 1832-1954
The 'Referee Reports' are reports advising whether a paper submitted for publication to the Royal Society is suitable for its periodicals, the Philosophical Transactions and Proceedings.
by Louisiane Ferlier
Digital resources manager
The Royal Society journals are closely associated with the history of scientific peer review, making this collection a unique resource for historians of science. A structured system of peer review assessment began in December 1831 following new Statutes granting the existing Committee of Papers, the 'liberty' to:
'call to their assistance Fellows of the Society, who are knowing and well skilled in the particular branch of Science to which the Papers under deliberation relates'.
Drawing on the expertise and judgment of the Fellowship, the Committee of papers experimented with a variety of formats for its peer-review process. Alongside committee evaluation, public reporting was adopted for a short time, with reports published in the newly-created Proceedings.
This early form of collaborative 'Open peer-review' was spurred by William Whewell who also co-authored the first published report with John Lubbock.
Referee's report by William Whewell and John William Lubbock, on a paper 'On an inequality of long period in the motions of the Earth and Venus' by George Biddell Airy
Creator: William Whewell, John William Lubbock Reference number: RR/1/2Though the discussions in these early reports are fascinating, sometimes 'more interesting than the memoirs themselves' as Whewell famously surmised, confidentiality was ultimately adopted. The protection afforded by confidentiality is repeatedly noted by the referees, such as Edwin Ray Lankester in the following report who underlines the importance that his letter be considered 'a matter of a confidential and private matter' as he has personal regard for the author whose paper he rejects and does 'not wish to appear as the special instrument of pain to him', opening with these lines:
'You have called upon me to discharge a very unpleasant duty - & I have done it'.
Letter from Edwin Ray Lankester, to the Secretaries of the Royal Society, regarding a paper 'On the morphology of birds' by William Kitchen Parker
Creator: Edwin Ray Lankester Reference number: RR/10/69Matters of confidentiality also come back during World War II, when certain papers are classed as 'confidential' because of their potential value 'to the enemy' and to be published after the war, with only a limited number of prints made available to Government departments, if necessary. This is the case for this paper on 'supersonic dispersion in gases', which generated an incredible number of reports in the series despite its author certifying that the paper 'contains no information of use to the enemy in the prosecution of the war; it does not contravene the Official Secrets Act'.
Supersonic reports
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Referee's report by Edward Victor Appleton, on a paper 'Supersonic dispersion in gases II. Air containing water vapour' by M Mokhtar and E G Richardson
Creator: Edward Victor Appleton Reference number: RR/66/162 -
Second letter from John David Griffith Davies, to Edward Victor Appleton, regarding a paper 'Supersonic dispersion in gases II. Air containing water vapour' by M Mokhtar and E G Richardson
Creator: Edward Victor Appleton Reference number: RR/66/170
Reports vary tremendously in form and content. The early reports, included in letters, sometimes include digressions and personal correspondence. While the introduction of a printed sheet in 1898 formalised the process, the length of the response still vary significantly, from short 'yes'/ 'no' decision to full examination and discussion of a topic.
From letter to report, from great research to rubbish
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Referee's report by Michael Faraday, on a paper 'Introductory research on the induction of magnetism by electrical currents' by James Prescott Joule
Creator: Michael Faraday Reference number: RR/3/154 -
Referee's report by William Crookes, on a paper 'On the constitution of the electric spark' by Arthur Schuster and Gustav Hemsalech
Creator: William Crookes Reference number: RR/14/229 -
Referee's report by Shelford Bidwell, on a paper 'The evolution of the colour sense' by Frederick Edridge-Green
Creator: Shelford Bidwell Reference number: RR/15/38
Following the election of women to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1945, the number of papers reviewed and authored by women increased slowly. Dorothy Hodgkin FRS and Kathleen Lonsdale FRS were the first two female peer reviewers for the Royal Society journals, Dorothy Hodgkin refereeing a paper on one of the most significant discoveries in modern science, the structure of DNA by Francis Crick FRS and James Watson FRS
The archival series 'Referee Reports' contains a continuous record of the peer-review process until it became digital.
To preserve the anonymity of reviewers Science in the Making contains all reports until 1954 and we plan to make more available online 70 years after the date of the report.